Agriculture and Genetics Disciplines Relationship

The Agriculture discipline is very diverse because it incorporates crop and animal farming. Agriculture was the center of early civilization because the human race depended on agricultural products for survival (Eaton, 1998). Modern agriculture is very different from ancient agriculture due to the mergence of new technologies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Agriculture and Genetics Disciplines Relationship specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The need for sustainable agriculture has made many farmers to shift from subsistence farming to commercial farming. Agricultural experts have come up with new technologies such as irrigation and selective breeding that have contributed a lot in increasing agricultural yields. Research and development in the field of agriculture plays a very critical role in coming up with new pesticides, fertilizers, high yielding crop varieties and most importantly modern management techniques (Andrews, 1994). Biotechnology and genetic engineering are important aspects of the agriculture discipline that have taken it to a higher level. The incorporation of science in agriculture makes it to be a very wide discipline with many branches such as agricultural engineering, animal husbandry, agronomy, crop biotechnology and industrial agriculture (Clark, 2012). Genetics is a biological discipline that deals with the study of heredity and the analysis of variations in organisms caused by heredity (Clark, 2012). The concept of genetics is very useful in biotechnology and genetic engineering. Genetics and heredity are much related because they are all concerned with generational passage of hereditary traits (Gelehrter, 1998). Genetics is a field of biological study that has led to many scientific breakthroughs that have been useful in coming up with a variety of cures for various diseases. The genetics discipline has been evolving over time especially with the emergence of geneti c engineering. Genetic engineering is a branch of genetics that deals with a direct intervention in genetic processes in order to alter genetic materials (Clark, 2012). Genetic engineering has been very useful in developing new treatments for certain diseases. The Human Genome Project has redefined the genetics discipline by introducing the study of the functioning of different genes in human cells (Khoury, 2000). The genetics discipline has a lot of application in environmental studies, clinical medicine and public health (Khoury, 2000). The central dogma of the genetics discipline is based on Crick’s theory that came into place in 1963 (Khoury, 2000). Crick discovered the DNA double helix that formed the foundation of genetic science. According to Crick, the DNA double helix is a molecular structure that acts as an agent of inheritance in both plants and animals.Advertising Looking for essay on agriculture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OF F Learn More The central dogma of genetics assumes that the genome of an organism accounts for all of its inherited traits (McKusick, 1997). This theory by Crick failed after it was tested in the Human Genome Project. The scientific rationale of the Human Genome Project proved that Crick’s theory was wrong because there are very few human genes responsible for inherited traits. The collapse of Crick’s theory was a setback to the genetics discipline because the foundations of genetic engineering are based on the central dogma premise. Biomedical research depends on the central dogma that has been around for over forty years (Tropp, 2011). The central dogma emphasizes that DNA is the exclusive agent of inheritance. The DNA gene is composed of four distinct nucleotides strung together in a linear sequence (Tropp, 2012). According to Cricks’ theory, the genes in DNA segments give rise to inherited traits by undergoing a series of molecular processes. An inh erited trait is a product of molecular processes in a single DNA gene. According to the central dogma in genetics, the totality of inheritance in living things is controlled by the DNA genes (Andrews, 1994). The synthesis of proteins that are the main catalyst in the production of inherited traits is governed by genes (Eaton, 2012). According to Crick’s theory, the structural similarity between genes and proteins makes protein synthesis to be possible under the control of DNA genes. The DNA in a particular gene consists of subunits of molecules with a linear arrangement. The sequence hypothesis compares the nucleotides in a gene and the sequence of amino acids in a protein. The formation of proteins takes place when the DNA nucleotides are transcribed to RNA molecules that are responsible for trait formation in living things (Vogel, 1997). A gene code from the DNA nucleotide is incorporated in protein formation to influence the inherited traits. The RNA plays the role of a me ssenger because it facilitates the delivery of gene codes to the site of protein formation. The sequential order of amino acids is determined by the gene code during the process of protein formation (Vogel, 1997). According to the central dogma in genetics, each particular gene in a living thing has a correspondent protein. The inherited traits of a person are represented by their genome (Rothstein, 1997). The genetic code in DNA is universal and can influence the formation of a particular trait in any kind of species. Every living thing has a DNA with four nucleotides that facilitate the formation of a specific protein. Any sequential information that goes into protein can not in any way come out (Task Force on Genetic Testing, 1998).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Agriculture and Genetics Disciplines Relationship specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is the second doctrine of Crick’s theory that explai ns the source and the destination of genetic information. The DNA nucleotide sequence is the source and the protein amino acid sequences the final destination according to Crick’s theory. The central dogma gives the gene total power and influence on protein identify and the resultant inherited trait created by the protein (Clark, 2012). The central dogma in the agriculture discipline is from Ralph’s theory (Clark, 2012). This theory led to the introduction of genetic engineering in agriculture. According to Ralph’s theory, the formation of takes place in corporate-like sequence. The formation of inherited traits follows a sequence of directives from the DNA that acts as the top management. The RNA molecules act as middle management molecules that give directives to proteins that act as worker molecules (Tropp, 2012). This version of the central dogma is widely used in agricultural research. According to Ralph’s theory; a particular gene can be transferred from one species to another without any problem. The central dogma of agriculture is the foundation upon which genetically modified seeds are produced (Tropp, 2012). Researchers incorporate alien genes with superior qualities in the host plant to come up with crops with superior qualities. Researchers manipulate genetic processes by introducing an alien gene in protein formation (Gelehrter, 1998). The alien gene influences the inherited traits in a particular crop. Ralph’s theory is very essential in the production of transgenic plants. The presence of an alien gene does not in any way interfere with the natural complement of the plant’s DNA (Vogel, 1997). The protein mediated systems and the gene systems must be compatible for the modification process to be successful. The bacterial gene is very essential in the production of transgenic plants through the genetic engineering process (Clark, 2012). Ralph’s theory often comes under pressure when the experiments to produce transgenic plants and other organisms fail due to the disruption of the host’s protein mediated systems. Ralph’s theory takes several years of testing for the desired results to be achieved (McKusick, 1997). Genetic engineering can lead to the production of harmful proteins due to the unexpected alteration of the plant’s genome. Ralph’s theory of genetic engineering has experienced numerous failures as a result of the unpredictable disruption of the protein systems of the host pant (Eaton, 1998). DNA miscoding is one of the reasons why there are many experimental failures when it comes to production of transgenic plants. Genetic engineers have come up with modified seeds from corn, cotton and soya beans because the mentioned plants possess some proteins with the ability to repair all kinds of DNA miscoding (Vogel, 1997).Advertising Looking for essay on agriculture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Human Genome project demonstrated that the genetics central dogma by Crick was not convincing (Clark, 2012). The emergence of new facts that refute the one-to-one matching of genes and proteins is a great challenge to Crick’s theory. Some biologists argue that proteins lead to the formation of molecules like DNA but the central dogma emphasizes the opposite (Khoury, 2000). The central dogma for genetics has generated a lot of interest in the study of molecular genetics in an attempt to find the secrete of life. The central dogma for the agriculture discipline needs to be re-examined because there is no guarantee that an alien gene can only transfer positive traits to the host plant (Andrews, 1994). Many genetic engineering experiments have failed due to the disruption of the genetic composition of the host plant. References Andrews, L. (1994). Assessing genetic risks. Implications for health and social policy. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Clark, D. (2012). Mole cular Biology: Understanding the genetic revolution. London: Elsevier. Eaton, D. (1998). â€Å"Genetic susceptibility† in environmental and occupational medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven. Gelehrter, T. (1998). Principles of medical genetics. Baltimore, MD: Williams Wilkins. Khoury, M. (2000). Genetics and public health in the 21st century: Using genetic information to improve health and prevent disease. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. McKusick, V. (1997). Mendelian inheritance in man: A catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Rothstein, M. (1997). Genetic secrets: Protecting privacy and confidentiality in the genetic era. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Task Force on Genetic Testing (1998). Promoting safe and effective genetic testing in the United States. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Tropp, B. (2011). Molecular Biology 4E: Genes to proteins. London: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Vog el, F. (1997). Human genetics: Problems and approaches. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. This essay on Agriculture and Genetics Disciplines Relationship was written and submitted by user Titus Walker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

List of the 29 Governorates in Egypt

List of the 29 Governorates in Egypt Egypt, officially called the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a republic located in northern Africa. It shares borders with Gaza Strip, Israel, Libya, and Sudan and its boundaries also include the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt has coastlines on the Mediterranean and Red Sea and it has a total area of 386,662 square miles (1,001,450 sq km). Egypt has a population of 80,471,869 (July 2010 estimate) and its capital and largest city is Cairo. In terms of local administration, Egypt is divided into 29 governorates that are administered by a local governor. Some of Egypts governorates are very densely populated, like Cairo, while others have small populations and large areas like New Valley or South Sinai. The 29 Governorates The following is a list of Egypts 29 governorates arranged in terms of their area. For reference, capital cities have also been included.1) New ValleyArea: 145,369 square miles (376,505 sq km)Capital: Kharga2) MatruhArea: 81,897 square miles (212,112 sq km)Capital: Marsa Matruh3) Red SeaArea: 78,643 square miles (203,685 sq km)Capital: Hurghada4) GizaArea: 32,878 square miles (85,153 sq km)Capital: Giza5) South SinaiArea: 12,795 square miles (33,140 sq km)Capital: el-Tor6) North SinaiArea: 10,646 square miles (27,574 sq km)Capital: Arish7) SuezArea: 6,888 square miles (17,840 sq km)Capital: Suez8) BeheiraArea: 3,520 square miles (9,118 sq km)Capital: Damanhur9) HelwanArea: 2,895 square miles (7,500 sq km)Capital: Helwan10) SharqiaArea: 1,614 square miles (4,180 sq km)Capital: Zagazig11) DakahliaArea: 1,340 square miles (3,471 sq km)Capital: Mansura12) Kafr el-SheikhArea: 1,327 square miles (3,437 sq km)Capital: Kafr el-Sheikh13) AlexandriaArea: 1,034 square miles (2,679 sq km)Capital : Alexandra14) MonufiaArea: 982 square miles (2,544 sq km)Capital: Shibin el-Kom15) MinyaArea: 873 square miles (2,262 sq km)Capital: Minya16) GharbiaArea: 750 square miles (1,942 sq km)Capital: Tanta17) FaiyumArea: 705 square miles (1,827 sq km)Capital: Faiym18) QenaArea: 693 square miles (1,796 sq km)Capital: Qena19) AsyutArea: 599 square miles (1,553 sq km)Capital: Asyut20) SohagArea: 597 square miles (1,547 sq km)Capital: Sohag21) IsmailiaArea: 557 square miles (1,442 sq km)Capital: Ismailia22) Beni SuefArea: 510 square miles (1,322 sq km)Capital: Beni Suef23) QalyubiaArea: 386 square miles (1,001 sq km)Capital: Banha24) AswanArea: 262 square miles (679 sq km)Capital: Aswan25) DamiettaArea: 227 square miles (589 sq km)Capital: Damietta26) CairoArea: 175 square miles (453 sq km)Capital: Cairo27) Port SaidArea: 28 square miles (72 sq km)Capital: Port Said28) LuxorArea: 21 square miles (55 sq km)Capital: Luxor29) 6th of OctoberArea: UnknownCapital: 6th of October City

Great Lakes Dangerous Currents Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Great Lakes Dangerous Currents - Research Paper Example These lakes develop substantial water currents which pose a danger to swimmers and other merry makers. Around the beach, strong currents from the lake may spill over causing immediate floods. In addition, storms may develop over the water, thus compromising on the safety of small water vessels like boats. Based on these facts, local authorities concerned with marine habitats have conducted research are analysis on dangers posed by Great Lakes currents. According to Allen (2013), research results on intensity and strength of dangerous currents are used in conducting public education on combat strategies and safety measures to adopt while swimming around the lake’s shores. This essay appraises the breadth and depth of hazard associated with the currents. Appraisal will involve acknowledging available scientific information related to causes and nature of Great Lakes dangerous currents. Nature of Currents Prior to evaluating the nature of Great Lakes currents, it is appropriate t o develop a comprehensive understanding of water currents in general. In this case, water currents refer to massive movement of water at significant velocity either towards or away from the shores. These massive movements result from phenomenal incidences like breaking waves, temperature difference and dynamics in direction and speed of wind. In the context of lakes, speeding wind may cause water to accumulate and move fast towards the shoreline. On reaching a lake’s shoreline, those currents break after hitting the solid sand and moves backwards into the lake. In most cases, what determines the level of danger associated with currents is the speed and direction of water movement. John and Stephen (2011) say that fast currents are more dangerous than slow currents. On the other hand, Allen (2013) agrees that currents moving out into the lake are more lethal compared to those moving towards the shoreline. Causes of Death Great Lakes of Michigan are known to develop dangerous c urrents causes drowning and eventual deaths. Statistics shows that every year, deaths recorded by authorities within the lake increase at a rate of 3%. In the recent past, young males are on the receiving end. Male college students and teenagers are prone to drowning because of their enthusiastic and adventurous nature of swimming. In most cases, those killed by the currents were either pulled away from the shore or they were trying to rescue a drowning friend. According to Michigan State University (2013), trying to rescue a drowning person can be dangerous, especially whenever the rescuer is not wearing floatation equipment. On the other hand, people tend to panic whenever they are caught up with a retreating current. As acknowledged earlier, these retreating currents develop as a result of breaking waves. Great Lakes have a lot of structures like piers and walls which can initiate currents. Actual Status of the Lakes Lake Michigan Of all the Great Lakes in the state Lake Michigan features as the leading cause of fatalities associated with dangerous currents each year. One reason for this notorious trend is because Lake Michigan is undergoing an infrastructural development period. These infrastructural breakthroughs are increasing the Lake’s popularity among domestic and international tourists. Apart from the significant tourists’ population, Lake Michigan also has unique beaches with pre-disposing factors which favor

Measuring an Applicant's Characteristics Case Study

Measuring an Applicant's Characteristics - Case Study Example In addition, a recommendation in relation to measurement of applicants’ characteristics and rankings has also been provided in this report. At the end of the report, potential legal liabilities arising out of the recommended option have been noted down, which the employer shall take into consideration. Strengths and Weaknesses of Current Process While going through the current process of hiring an employee, which aims at  effectively measuring applicant knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics, it can be observed that there are some strengths and weaknesses in the process. The strengths and weaknesses are separately discussed as under: Strengths Keeping in view the current process, it can be stated that some of the measures used to evaluate an applicant are effective. As for instance, measures like testing the ability of an applicant to manage conversations with demanding customers and testing the basic computer skills and accuracy of data entry are all streng ths of the current process. Weaknesses On the other hand, reviewing the existing process of hiring new employees for CSR 1, there are a few weaknesses in the process. As for instance the fluency in English requires testing of reading, writing and speaking skills of individual applicants, and no emphasis is placed on listening skills, which form an important part of their job. On the other hand, although there is a system in place for assuring good attendance of the new hired employees, but it does not seem to work effectively, as there is high turnover of newly hired employees in training phase. Options for Predicting Employees’ Attendance Employees’ attendance is a crucial factor in ensuring smooth flow of an organization’s operations and activities. Absenteeism, which refers to an employee being absent from work, has been considered by a number of researchers in the past (Kingery, 2009; Ivancevich, 1985). The options available for predicting an applicantâ€⠄¢s attendance, if hired by the company, include evaluation of various aspects of that individual’s personality and traits. By considering these personality and traits (Macan, 2009). The existing problem in this regard for Iron Town Incorporation is that newly hired employees have a high turnover during the training session. In this regard, it is important that a brief description of training program is incorporated in the employee hiring process, which will enable applicants to understand the procedure they will go through, thus filtering out those employees who do not like the training program or do not want to be a part of it for any other reason (Honer, Wright, & Sablynski, 2007; Macan, 2009). Moreover, other initiatives which can be included in the staffing process for predicting employees’ attendance can be review of their previous employment record, asking for references and corresponding with them regarding their absenteeism. In addition, it is also desirable t o evaluate the financial aspects and nature of job offered to applicants by checking his or her compatibility with the same. In this way, it can be predicted whether the applicant, if being selected for the job, will be satisfied with the job and henceforth remain punctual (Honer, Wright, & Sablynski, 2007; Ivancevich, 1985; Macan, 2009). Recommendations for Measuring Applicants’ Characteristics and Rankings As far as measurement of applicants’ characteristics is concerned, it is recommended that a thorough evaluation of an applicant’

What Happened to Muses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What Happened to Muses - Essay Example They find the inspiration in something else. Usually these methods to get it are not right and decent: drinking alcohol, using drugs etc. Not very long ago actual women, wives or girl-friends, played a role of Muse for some artists. Today it is not necessary to an artist to have a Muse. In ancient times three Muses were divine creatures and the daughters of Zeus. Their mother, Mnemosyne, was the goddess of memory. Hesiod decided to expand the number of muses, so now we know nine: Clio, Calliope, Euterpe, Terpsichore, Melpomene, Thalia, , Polyhymnia, Urania, Erato. Nine Muses were given different roles later by Romans: Clio was the muse of history, Erato of lyric poetry, Polyhymnia of sacred poetry and so on. Nine muses were considered to be kind, caring creatures. According to Hesiod, they came to the chosen and lucky artist and presented him with their invaluable gifts. At the same time Muses could punish artists and other creatures. We all know how they punished Sirens when they want to compete with them: they made them loose their wings and Sirens fell into the sea. The power of the ancient Muses was transferred to the modern ones. Many modern Muses were mostly strong women with difficult characters and interesting lives. Among them we can define Gala, the Muse of Salvador Dali, Georgia O’Keeffe, the Muse of Alfred Stieglitz, and many other. In the 21st century it is not very easy to find a Muse. Some artists still have Muses, very often they are their own wives, but the relationships between them does not have an element of divinity any more. They are just partners and their relations are the relations between two people, just human beings, usually with equal talent. Women do not limit themselves to the role of Muses any more, they want to create masterpieces themselves. Feminist ideas do not allow to treat women as objects. Muses did not completely disappear, just the idea of them was changed.

Correlates of criminal behavior

Correlates of criminal behavior Introduction Factors that correlate with crime are those, such as economic deprivation, that demonstrate a relationship with the incidence of criminal behavior. It is crucial to remember that correlations only tell us that there is a relationship between one variable and another they do not tell us what is causing what. For example, there is an association between failing at school and juvenile delinquency but we cannot say that low school achievement necessarily cause delinquency (Dwyer, 2001). It is possible that once an individual becomes involved in delinquent behavior, their school work suffers and grades begin to deteriorate. Alternatively, there may be a third factor, perhaps the attitude of the family towards school work and offending that causes both of the other factors (Dwyer, 2001). It is important, though, to recognize that a relationship does have a cause and this is what researchers are trying to uncover, but at no time should we jump to superficial conclusions about the exact direction of the cause. Case Study A: DV a 36-year-old, Single Black Male DV, a 36-year-old, single Black male was charged with possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. During formal interviews, DV was initially uncooperative with the evaluators. He pretended not to understand what was asked of him. He was strongly encouraged to cooperate with the evaluation. After a period of observation and initial psychological testing, it was explained to him that his report of experiencing auditory hallucinations was unlikely to be true (Heilbrun, Marczky DeMatteo, 2002). DV was administered psychological testing on three separate occasions. Initial test results clearly demonstrated DV intended to represent himself as mentally ill and confused. After further counseling, he was re-administered two tests, which he appeared to complete in a cooperative fashion. DVs responses on a structured interview of symptoms of mental illness were consistent with those of someone intending to put on psychotic mental illness (Heilbrun et al., 2002). DV began smoking marijuana as a teenager and has continued to use it throughout adulthood. Selling illicit drugs eventually became his primary source of income through the years. Prior to his arrest, he used marijuana on a daily basis and drank alcohol much less frequently, primarily on the weekends or when it was available (Heilbrun et al., 2002). DV has been arrested at least 20 times throughout adolescence and adulthood. He has been incarcerated in state prisons twice, both for felony convictions. The only previous mental health treatment he has received was during his incarceration in a state prison. He had been experiencing nervousness, tremors, and what he referred to as depression. This condition was reportedly treated with antipsychotic medication for a period of six months. His reports of past mental health symptoms were vague, and he indicated that he has never sought mental health treatment when out of prison (Heilbrun et al., 2002). Criminal Behavior: Mental Disorder   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Bartol and Bartol (2011) mental illness is a disorder of disease of the mind that is judged by experts to interfere substantially with a persons ability to cope with life on a daily basis. It presumably deprives the person of freedom of choice, but it is important to note that there are degrees to this deprivation. The term mental disorder, however, need not imply that a person is sick, to be pitied, or even necessarily less responsible for his or her actions. Psychological Theory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychology is the science of behavior and mental process. Psychological criminology, then, is the science of the behavior and mental process of the person who commits crime. In the psychology of crime, both social and personality influences on criminal behavior are considered, along with the mental processes that mediate that behavior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is hard to specify typically the psychological theories of crime. Psychological theories centers on the influence of individual and family factors on offending. Psychological theories usually develop and attempt to explain offending on an ongoing project thats starts from childhood to adulthood (Bartol Bartol, 2011). Correlates and Developmental Risk factors The parental and family risk factors led DV to become deviant at a very young age. During a conducted interview, DV stated that he lived at home with his mother, father, and two brothers until the age of eight, when his mother was killed in a car accident. After his mothers death, he began living with an aunt, who raised him until he left home at the age of 14. He attended school through the eighth grade and was expelled from school after the eighth grade, partly because of his poor attendance and partly because of his involvement in two fights (Heilbrun et al., 2002). He described school as being difficult for him because he never had any family support. After his mother died, nobody really cared whether he went to school. It was the loss of his mother that triggered his criminal behavior. Is this Person a Criminal? In summary, DV manifest a personality style and behavior pattern that is characterized by dislike towards authority and violation of social norms and laws. He was diagnosed with malingering (resolved) cannibus abuse and antisocial personality disorder. DV can be held accountable for his actions. He knew that the current adjudication constitutes his third felony conviction, and he knew the sentencing mandates associated with a third felony conviction. Specifically, DV was aware that he could have received a very lengthy sentence for his third conviction and knew his plea carried the probability of a relatively short sentence. He knew that his plea agreement called for his full cooperation in the resolution of his case (Heilbrun et al., 2002). DV was deemed competent to stand trial based on his ability to comprehend what he did and he knew this. Case Study B: 24-Year-Old John D. John is a 24-year-old Caucasian male who was convicted of Sexual Battery, which occurred on February 10, 1998, and is awaiting sentencing. John D. was an only child born to unwed parents on February 9, 1975. He grew up in an unstable environment and his father was a drug addict who neglected to care for him. He recalls no memories of his father prior to the age of eight (Heilbrun et al., 2002). At eight years old, John D. recalled playing with and smelling someones feet. He cant remember exactly what happened at the moment but recall it was really scary. He remembers his fathers hands pulling his knees apart. That was all he can remember about the incident (Heilbrun et al., 2002). Criminal Behavior: Sex Offender (Sexual Battery)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sex offenders often commit a variety of crime beyond sexual offenses, although this is more likely to be the case with rapists than the child molesters. There is no single profile that encompasses a majority of sex offenders. The features of their crimes also differ distinctly among offenders, including time and place, the gender and age of the victim, the degree of planning the offense, and the amount of violence used or intended (APA, 2000; Bartol Bartol, 2011). Sociological Theory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sociological approach examines underlying social conditions that may influence criminal behavior by focusing on how social structure and processes contribute to crime. Life course criminology focuses on life tragedies or paths that may lead to lifelong or repeated criminal behavior. The Sociological theory of criminal behavior is the way people look at their environment. Sociologically, a person will be overwhelmed by closeness, the imitation and behavior of those they look up to, as well as their understanding of what is right and what is wrong (Bartol Bartol, 2011).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People are not born with a predisposition to violence or lack of power; rather they become that way as a result of social experiences. Furthermore, criminal behavior, again like all behavior, is an individuals way of adapting to his or her environment. Correlates and Developmental Risk factors   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Examples of social risk factors are parental and family risk factors including faulty or inadequate parenting, sibling influences, and child maltreatment or abuse. A wide variety of circumstances can lead to a single-parent home. John D.s father died when he was nine years old. He is unable to recall any memories of his father prior to age eight. His parents never married but after his fathers death, his mother married a man that told John D. someday he would burn in hell (Heilbrun et al., 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His mothers parental styles were inappropriate. John D. loved her because she could be fun to be with, and she was proud of him. At the same time he hated her because of the way she treated him. He described her as very moody, at times she would be nice and at other times she lashed out and smacked him in the face. John D. also stated that he often felt like a surrogate husband to his mother, because whenever it was time to kiss her goodnight, she would stick her tongue out (Heilbrun et al., 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John D. spent most of his time living with his maternal grandparents. His grandmother would walk in on him when he was changing his underwear and would always find an excuse to come into the bathroom and wipe him after he was done. He didnt realize his grandmothers behavior was inappropriate until later (Heilbrun et al., 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Models are those significant persons in the social environment that provide cues for how to do something (Bartol Bartol, 2011; Jackson, 2008). For example, a child may learn how to shoot a gun by imitating television or video characters. The child then will rehearse and fine-tunes this behavioral pattern by practicing with toy guns. John D.s behavioral patterns are the outcome of the models he had in his life. Is this Person a Criminal?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John D. is responsible for his actions and should be held criminally liable for what he did. He shows no remorse for his victims. He kills his victims and plays with their feet. He has a tendency to act upon his fantasies. He has a high potential for dangerous behavior inflicted against self and others. Case Study C: 21-Year-Old Jimmy M. The defendant in this case, Jimmy M., was charged with aggravated murder in the shooting death of a police officer in November of 1997. Jimmy M. has an extensive criminal record and a history consistent with an antisocial personality disorder. Antisocial personality disorder is not usually considered to be a mitigating factor. In addition to the antisocial personality disorder, Jimmy M. had suffered from a serious head injury, resulting in the request for a neuropsychological evaluation (Heilbrun et al., 2002). Jimmy M. was born to Darlene M (who was 15 years old when she got pregnant) and Bob Hoover on September 21, 1976. Jimmy M. only saw his father twice, once in fifth or sixth grade and the second time was last year while he was incarcerated. He primarily raised by his foster grandmother, Martha Washington; Ms. Washington was Jimmy M.s mothers foster parent. Jimmy M.s mother was a drug addict and alcoholic who was arrested and spent time in jail and prison before dying of a drug overdose in 1989 (Heilbrun et al., 2002). On one occasion, when Jimmy M. was eight years old, his mother used him to hide stolen money. Jimmy M. developed significant behavioral problems following his mothers death. He subsequently had numerous contacts with juvenile authorities and was placed with the Department of Youth Services on several occasions. He encountered numerous conflicts with his grandmother. Although things have not always been stable with his grandmother, Jimmy M. stated that they remain close today (Heilbrun et al., 2002). Criminal Behavior: Murder (Aggravated Murder)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The term murder is reserved for the unlawful killing of one human being by another with malice aforethought, either expressed or implied. Malice aforethought refers to premeditation, or the mental state of a person who thinks ahead, plans, and voluntarily causes the death of another, without legal excuse or justification. However, premeditation can occur in a very short period of time (even a minute); it does not require weeks of planning (Bartol Bartol, 2011). Biological Theory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Historically, neurological impairment, whether by heredity, injury, or disease, has been thought to coincide with criminal behavior. For example, head injury and violent behavior are found to coexist in criminals at a higher than average rate. Though a direct link cannot be determined between the two, researchers observe that neurological problems, in combination with environmental and social risk factors, interact to influence criminal behavior (APA, 2000; Bartol Bartol, 2011; Raine, 2002). Biological theories have a misunderstanding stereotype that if a person is a criminal then that person was born a criminal. Biological theories are only one interpretation of criminality (Rafter, 2008). Biology has an effect on our social and emotional lives that would be categorized as biological influences on our behavior. Some examples would be menstruation affects some women more than others, but many have more mood swings during, and just before, menstruation. Pregnancy also affects hormones and therefore emotions. In many cases, a women seems calmer than usual when pregnant, not reacting as she normally would to the stresses of work and life. Hormones in pregnancy have a lot of functions, including effects on mood and puberty is another example with which everyone is familiar. During the transition from childhood into a sexual world, teenagers go through some profound emotional and behavioral changes usually suffered along with them by their parents, other relatives, and teache rs (Raine, 2002). Eventually they mature and become adults; but in the years of puberty, the change in outlook and disturbance of behavior can be profound. But again, the environmental influences are crucial in how puberty, a biological change, is realized. Correlates and Developmental Risk factors Jimmy M.s mother was 15 when she was pregnant and 16 when he was born. Given her own drug, alcohol, and legal problems she was clearly unable to provide adequate parenting. His foster grandmother was, at best, inconsistent in her ability to provide for Jimmy M. and the other children within her care, who included Jimmy M.s mother. Following his mothers death, Jimmy M.s behavior showed clear signs of deterioration, and he joined the local gang (Heilbrun et al., 2002). As a result of Jimmy M.s early childhood experiences, he has bonded to no one, has little capacity for empathy, and has shut off his emotions from the rest of the world. Is this Person a Criminal?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Therefore, Jimmy M. is responsible for his actions and should be held criminally liable for what he did. However, based on his past, Jimmy M. should undergo treatment to eliminate harm to him and to others. Jimmy M. demonstrated a capacity of attachment. Once his mother passed he began to seek support by associating with the local gang. There is a possibility that through treatment and rehabilitation Jimmy M. can do better for himself. Conclusion According to Bartol and Bartol (2011) Crime, like all behavior, is complex and varied, and there are no simple answers regarding its causes. This is hardly surprising considering the great variety of crimes and offenders. Different theories put the emphasis on different causal factors: biology, personality, unconscious conflict, social learning, to name but a few. It is still by no means clear whether or not biological factors are implicated in antisocial behavior but, even if they are, most researchers acknowledge that the environment in which children are reared can either stimulate or inhibit any inborn tendency is criminality. The type of environment most conducive to delinquency is one of poverty, deprivation, a stressful family life and lack of educational opportunities. These factors are inextricably inter-related and the more of these that a child endures, the greater the likelihood of them committing criminal acts. Nevertheless, many individuals exposed to all of these risk factors do not embrace a life of crime. Perhaps we need to take a more careful look at protective factors such as personal disposition, loving relationships, social support systems and, indeed, gender, in order to more successfully address the problem of crime. References American Psychological Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (4th ed., vol. Text Revision). Arlington, VA: Author. Bartol, C .R. Bartol, A. M. (2011). Criminal behavior: A psychosocial approach (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Dwyer, D. (2001). Angles on criminal psychology. United Kingdom: Nelson Thornes, Ltd. Heilbrun, K., Marczyk, G. R., DeMatteo, D. (2002). Forensic mental health assessment: A casebook. New York: Oxford Press. Jackson, R. (Ed.). (2008). Learning forensic assessment. New York: Routledge. Rafter, N. (2008). The criminal brain: Understanding biological theories of crime. New York, New York: New York University Press. Raine, A. (2002). Biosocial studies of antisocial and violent behavior in children and adults: A review. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(4), 311-26.

Life After Death :: essays research papers fc

Life After Death As the irritating, yet monotonous beeps of the life-monitor in the emergency room began to slowly die away, George struggled to hang on. It's not my time yet, he thought. Please, give me just one more day†¦ The beeps soon became increasingly far in between, while the doctors frantically bustled on in a futile attempt to stabilize the dying man like a bunch of panicking bees trying to save their doomed hive from a pouring rain. The world turned hazy, then completely dark, as George felt himself slowly floating into the darkness. He flew and flew without end. Then there was the light - that infamous "light at the end of the tunnel." (Randles 2) It gave out a strange, comforting warmth that enveloped him, easing his fears and relieving all doubts. George somehow knew what to do - to just let go. He felt quite at home. Back on earth, the rhythmic, mechanical beeps suddenly turned into a solid, continuous high E, signaling the end. George was about to cross over. Being bathed in the strangely comforting light, he was soon greeted by his long- lost friends and relatives, beckoning for him to come, come join them. George wanted to stay. More than anything he cared for, George wanted to stay right here, basking in the light of love. But he felt something pull him back. Wait, not yet, he thought. It's not my time yet... The next moment, George was somehow reunited with his physical body, lying on that uncomfortable hospital bed, amidst the doctors sighing in relief, surrounded no longer by that soft glow, but again by that rhythmic beep, beep, beep†¦ Is there a parallel between George's account of a near-death experience (NDE), and what really happens when we ourselves die? Is there indeed a part of us that conquers death and continues to live a different kind of existence where it has new powers and undergoes unfamiliar experiences? Is there really a heaven, or numerous heavens, full of blissful joys awaiting some of us and a hell, or countless hells, full of different punishments for others? Or is physical death, in fact, the end of life as we know it? Such questions about death and dying has intrigued humanity since the dawn of time. One area to which we might look for some answers to this puzzle is religion. Unlike science, dealing only with the material and tangible, traditional religion takes another view of our reality by recognizing the validity of metaphysical experiences. World's major religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity, as well

Action Plan Essay

There are so many other food businesses around here that are competition, in order for us all to keep this restaurant open we are going to have to step up our game. First we will get new signs, next some of us are going to have to put of fliers around the town, and thirdly we are going to have to come up with a reason for people to want to come to our restaurant. HMM why do people come to places that they have never been before? Why do people go to other peoples restaurants? What is this place known for? What can we change? why do people go? People go to places, restaurants, stores, and other things because of what they have been told, we have a good reputation here but let us go beyond this town. In stores people go into the store because of the display on the outside. People go to things because of appearance, what they have been told, and who has gone. Our place is well fixed up and we have a good reputation in this town and the mayor has been here as well. The real question is why aren’t people coming here? How do we? How do we get people to become attracted or drawn to come buy our food? What is there to do here in this town? There is the movies, arcade, stores, mini golf, and the theater; why don’t we have one of the stores or other fun places donate something and we have a drawing or we give out gift certificates, it would be free advertising for them and get us costumers. Tuesday’s kids under 12 could possibly eat free or maybe kids under 12 could get a free dessert. People love free stuff and people will be drawn to seeing something that has a free on their sign. I know as a small child the restaurant Denny’s had a children eat free on a specific week day and my grandmother would take my sister and I there and order food and what not because she liked the idea of free food for her kids. Having hand out gift certificates will have them build business and have people try our food, like our service, and every single moment of it and then they will come back for more. When we do the raffling off items it will seem like we are having a second grand opening with the publicity from the newspapers, signs, and fliers.

Diversity Issues Essay

Share some contemporary examples of cultural diversity issues. Some contemporary examples of cultural diversity issues, for example, are law enforcements inabilities to understand completely some of the minority group’s language, traditions, beliefs, lifestyles, religions, stereotyping, and profiling of minorities. Law enforcement also encounters cultural diversity issues with the different moral beliefs of ethnic groups, therefore, can interfere with relating to other minorities when faced with a situation. Law enforcement officers should focus on education, training, and gain knowledge of their local minorities to form a universal relationship with those minorities to avoid the cultural and ethical issues, which may raise suspicions when in turn it is the beliefs, morals, etc. of that minority rather than hiding something, or under the influences of drugs or alcohol. An example is with Asian and Hispanic females. Females in both these minority family environments are considered subordinate to men, and many are expected to take a role as the mother while the male counterparts are allowed to participate in social activities such as jobs, sports, clubs, afterschool activities, and such (Shapiro, 2002). Law enforcement encounters much problematic issues regarding the subordination of females by the male counterparts in these minorities, resulting in calls to the school systems because female Hispanics are prone to be hostile toward peers because of stress, which derives in the family and the attempting results to conform-assimilate with youths in America (Shapiro, 2002). Reference: Shapiro, M. (2002). Asian Culture Belief: Vietnam. Retrieved September 29, 2011, from http://www.ntac.hawaii.edu/downloads/products/briefs/culture/pdf/ACB-Vol2-Iss5-Vietnam.pdf https://www.google.com

Entering International Markets

Entering International Markets IntroductionInternational business requires that companies know their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. In this paper, we will discuss this week's simulation involving Trinezza, a motor scooter manufacturer trying to enter the international market. Also, we will answer the following questions: what would be the major elements in the SWOTT of Trinezza, what are some advantages large companies have over smallercompanies when choosing a mode of entry strategy, and what factors should drive a company to continue in, expand, or exit its chosen market.SWOT ANALYSISStrengthsTrinezza has several strengths that will help their motorcycle succeed in the international market. Trinezza's product is strength itself because it is an economical mode of transportation. The motor scooter has also proven to be a very reliable method of traveling. The motor scooter not only works well, but also looks great and has practical features. The technology of Trinezza's motor scooter gives Tri nezza an advantage over the scooters that are currently available in Sentonia.Piaggio XEvo 250ie Motor ScooterWeaknessesTrinezza's weaknesses include: little or no brand identification, little international experience, price, and lack of financial resources. Trinezza's company, brand, and their product are virtually unknown in the Sentonia market. Only one partner has any international business experience in Trinezza making it very inexperienced. Lack of experience within the company to help make a transition to international markets, could prove fatal if not careful. The price of Trinezza's motor scooter is higher than the competition in Sentonia which could make it difficult to sell. A lack of financial resources could also make it difficult in the international market due to bigger companies trying to edge into the same market.OpportunitiesThe opportunities that Trinezza has in international business in Sentonia include: foreign competition, size of middle class (4 million), mark et trends, technology, and legislation. The foreign competition in Sentonia lacks the better...

5)'If anything is central to the creation and maintenance of a Essay

5)'If anything is central to the creation and maintenance of a unified Chinese culture, it is the standardization of ritual.' (Watson) Discuss - Essay Example Further research into how the Chinese have been able to create and maintain a unified culture has provided varying results. According to James Watson and Evelyn Rawski’s book Death Ritual in Late Imperial and Modern China, the creation and maintenance of a unified Chinese culture were enabled by the standardization of rituals. The following study will provide evidence to justify this statement by evaluating several depictions of ancient and modern Chinese culture. Watson and Rawski (1988, p. 4) define [Chinese] cultural unification as the acceptance and adherence to set ritual routines by ordinary citizens. Standardization on its part, was the way in which these cultures were made known, proper and acceptable. They further reveal that standardization, which contributed to cultural unification, was in most cases voluntarily taken up by citizens without the use of force. As such, any Chinese aspects seen in the world today are by-products of the ancient processes of ritual standardization. Ritual in Watson and Rawski’s case is defined an active process of transforming something from one state into another wherein â€Å"something† could refer to things, people, or other beings. Again, rituals have a transformative power (4). Funerals had a uniform structure of rites that were practiced all over China, and particularly during the Late Imperial Era. Although it is not widely practiced in China today, some areas such as Hong Kong and Taiwan still practice them. Watson and Rawski (1988, p.7) state that the rites were standardized and practiced all over China, and they in turn played the role of â€Å"cultural† cement that bound the Chinese community together. In standardizing burial rituals, the Chinese believed that in death, the body and soul should not be allowed to separate before a ritual was done. It was said that if this happened, the community would experience some form of disaster. Again, they standardized the belief that death should not separate couples

Seminar in criminology classmate response 7 Essay

Seminar in criminology classmate response 7 - Essay Example I had a hard time understanding the connection between the authors of the article that Gaitan references and other names such as â€Å"Cassia Spohn and Jerry Cederblom†. In my opinion, it is not clear whether these are the authors of another article or researchers that are mentioned in Kalven and Zeisel’s article. Gaitan has also not provided the reader with enough information on how people from minority groups get sentenced to death. Gaitan has only mentioned the sentencing trends of African-Americans but there is no information on the sentencing trends of other minority groups in America. In my view, Gaitan should have also mentioned about the other sentencing trends of other minority groups, such as Asians, Arabs, Native-Americans and Mexican-Americans among others. In my view, this would have made a better representation of minority groups and how the judges made their decisions regarding each group. Gaitan has also mentioned that another study conducted by Larry Hembroff and James Unnever had similar results. In my opinion, it was also difficult to tell whether these were researchers in the article by Kalven and Zeisel (1996), or authors of a new article. Kalven, H., & Zeisel, H. (1966). The American jury. In A. Thistlethwaite & J. Wooldredge (Eds.), Forty Studies that Changed Criminal Justice: Explorations into the History of Criminal Justice Research (pp. 183-190). Boston: Little, Brown &